# Geometries

The Geometries element contains information about any geometries that are in the simulation. You can import from several types of CAD files, or create your own with CSG using the primitive shapes described below.

Be sure to assign a Material to a geometry object before it will appear elsewhere in the simulation (i.e. as an option for a particle source or tally). Materials can also be assigned to all geometries with a .csv file. See Material Annotation for further details.

If a geometry is unchecked, it will be hidden from view and removed from the simulation.

All geometries can be assigned a color, either directly or based on the material. See Color Assignment for further details of color assignment.

## CSG

Constructive Solid Geometry can be used to build your own complex geometry.

kind (not editable)
Construction Group
tessellation

Only applied if Constructive Solid Geometry format in Basic Settings is set to tessellated.

Tessellation, (linear deflection) represents the limit for the distance between a curve and a side of a triangle. Tessellation limits the distance between triangles and the face interior. This is required to define the fineness of surface meshes of CSG objects. If the dimensions of shapes we are working on were known in advance and were always the same, we could use a constant value of tessellation. But that is not the case. for example, a tessellation of 0.01mm for a 1mm sphere would produce fewer triangles than the same tessellation for 1m sphere. So, in order to have proportional number of triangles, we need to scale the absolute tessellation with some scale factor. The scaled tessellation is called relative tesellation which we actually apply to the CSG objects.

relative tessellation = UserTessellation * 0.01 * diagonal length of bounding box of the shape.

Users do not have to worry about the relative tessellations as it is taken care by RSim. To change the fineness, they can simply change the tessellation value here and relative is calculated under the hood.

The absolute tessellation or the GUI tessellation is the standard that we use. Roughly for every shape of dimension 100m, a tessellation of approximately 0.01m is reccomended.

Sphere

kind (not editable)
Sphere
material
The material to use for the shape. Chosen from a list of imported materials in your simulation.
x position
The location of the center of the sphere in the x direction.
y position
The location of the center of the sphere in the y direction.
z position
The location of the center of the sphere in the z direction.

Box

kind (not editable)
Box
material
The material to use for the shape. Chosen from a list of imported materials in your simulation.
length
The length of the box.
height
The height of the box.
width
The width of the box.
x position
The location of the center of the box base in the x direction.
y position
The location of the center of the box base in the y direction.
z position
The location of the center of the box base in the z direction.
width direction x
Set to 1 to make the width parameter of the box correspond to the x direction.
width direction y
Set to 1 to make the width parameter of the box correspond to the y direction.
width direction z
Set to 1 to make the width parameter of the box correspond to the z direction.
angle
The angle of the box.

Cylinder

kind (not editable)
Cylinder
material
The material to use for the shape. Chosen from a list of imported materials in your simulation.
length
The length of the cylinder.
x position
The location of the base of the cylinder in the x direction.
y position
The location of the base of the cylinder in the y direction.
z position
The location of the base of the cylinder in the z direction.
axis direction x
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cylinder x; if set to -1, the length parameter will extend in the negative direction.
axis direction y
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cylinder y; if set to -1, the length parameter will extend in the negative direction.
axis direction z
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cylinder z; if set to -1, the length parameter will extend in the negative direction.

Cone

kind (not editable)
Cone
material
The material to use for the shape. Chosen from a list of imported materials in your simulation.
height
The height of the cone.
The radius of the base of the cone.
x position
The location of the center of the cone base in the x direction.
y position
The location of the center of the cone base in the y direction.
z position
The location of the center of the cone base in the z direction.
axis direction x
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cone x.
axis direction y
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cone y.
axis direction z
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cone z.

Torus

kind (not editable)
Torus
material
The material to use for the shape. Chosen from a list of imported materials in your simulation.
The radius to the center of the torus.
The radius from the center of the torus to the outside of the torus.
x position
The location of the center of the torus in the x direction.
y position
The location of the center of the torus in the y direction.
z position
The location of the center of the torus in the z direction.
axis direction x
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the torus x.
axis direction y
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the torus y.
axis direction z
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the torus z.

Pipe

kind (not editable)
Pipe
material
The material to use for the shape. Chosen from a list of imported materials in your simulation.
length
The length of the pipe.
The inner radius of the pipe.
The outer radius of the pipe.
x position
The location of the base of the pipe in the x direction.
y position
The location of the base of the pipe in the y direction.
z position
The location of the base of the pipe in the z direction.
axis direction x
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the pipe x; if set to -1, the length parameter will extend in the negative direction.
axis direction y
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the pipe y; if set to -1, the length parameter will extend in the negative direction.
axis direction z
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the pipe z; if set to -1, the length parameter will extend in the negative direction.

TruncCone

kind (not editable)
TruncCone (Truncated Cone)
material
The material to use for the shape. Chosen from a list of imported materials in your simulation.
height
The height of the cone.
The radius of the base of the cone.
The radius of the top of the cone.
x position
The location of the center of the cone base in the x direction.
y position
The location of the center of the cone base in the y direction.
z position
The location of the center of the cone base in the z direction.
axis direction x
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cone x.
axis direction y
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cone y.
axis direction z
Set to 1 to make the axial direction of the cone z.

Wedge

kind (not editable)
Wedge
material
The material to use for the shape. Chosen from a list of imported materials in your simulation.
length1
One length of the wedge.
length2
The second length of the wedge.
height
The height of the wedge.
width
The width of the wedge. Extrudes the wedge from a two dimensional to three dimensional object.
x position
The location of the base of the wedge in the x direction.
y position
The location of the base of the wedge in the y direction.
z position
The location of the base of the wedge in the z direction.
width direction x
Set to 1 to apply the width parameter in the x direction.
width direction y
Set to 1 to apply the width parameter in the y direction.
width direction z
Set to 1 to apply the width parameter in the z direction.

## Boolean Operations

CSG primitives and CAD objects may be combined into new geometries in three different ways:

Subtract
This will subtract the second selected object from the first selected object. Denoted by $$-$$.
Union
This will combine the two objects into a single object. Denoted by $$\cup$$.
Intersect
This will leave only the volume of the two objects that intersect as an object. Denoted by $$\cap$$.

It is possible to combine two CSG primitives, two CAD objects, or CSG and CAD objects.

Boolean operations may be nested, for example two objects may be combined in a union, and then with a third oobject in a second union. To combine objects, you must first add two or more shapes to your simulation. Once the shapes are in the simulation, highlight the two shapes you wish to combine and right-click and select Boolean Operation then the operation you wish to perform. The combined object must then be assigned a material, and the parts of the combined object can no longer be assigned a material or used in the simulation.

## Arrays

CSG objects, CAD objects, as well as booleaned objects may have a cubic array created from the initial shape. This is particularly useful for repeated structures.

An array is specified with

NX
Number of elements in the X direction.
DX
Spacing between the origin of elements in the X direction. The origin will depend on the element being arrayed, for example spheres will be the center of the sphere, while cylinders will be the center base of the cylinder.
NY
Number of elements in the Y direction.
DY
Spacing between the origin of elements in the Y direction.
NZ
Number of elements in the Z direction.
DZ
Spacing between the origin of elements in the Z direction.

It is also possible to array all elements of the array after creation by checking the Union Created Shapes box.

Upon creation the array will propagate outward in the positive X/Y/Z directions. After creation each individual array element can be moved like any other object.

You can import .stl, .stp or .step, .ply, .vtk, files by right-clicking the Geometries element and selecting Import Geometries. These imported files will appear under the CAD Object.

The tessellation of these files can be set prior to importing them. It is recommended to do this with large and complex files, as the tessellation process can take some time.

These imported files will maintain any hierarchical structure within them.

It is common for CAD files from differing sources to have minor issues that may impact the accuracy or ability to run a smulation.Most commonly a file can have a tiny hole, caused by a missing triangle in the mesh from when it was originally exported. Any stl file in RSim2 can be analyzed for these problems, and automatically repaired. This is done by right clicking on the CAD file, which will bring up a menu as shown below.

The Analyze and Repair option will bring up a menu to analyze the file, and will report on the number of closed surfaces, open surfaces, loops and holes.

Clicking Show will show each individual hole, Repair will repair that hole, and Ignore will remove it from consideration. Selecting Fill Selected will fill the selected holes, while Fill All will fill every hole listed.

Separate All Surfaces will create new files for each distinct surface in the file. These files will be listed in the tree and can be given a material or assigned to a tally like any other.

Separate Open/Closed Surfaces will create a new file for the closed surfaces. These files will be listed in the tree and can be given a material or assigned to a tally like any other.

## Imported

You can import a geometry of type .gdml (tessellated only), .h5m, .ele/.node, or .p12 by right-clicking the Geometries element and selecting Import Geometries.

Imported files of these types do not require tessellation, as they already will have been and be used at their native resolution.

kind (not editable)

• TriangSolid
• OceStepFromFile
filename
The name and location of the imported file.
groupname
The group name of the file, if relevant.
Set to 0.
scale
A factor to scale the imported geometry by.
x-translation
The entire imported geometry will be moved in the x-direction by this amount.
y-translation
The entire imported geometry will be moved in the y-direction by this amount.
z-translation
The entire imported geometry will be moved in the z-direction by this amount.

## World

The World object is always present, and will set the outer bounds of the simulation.

The World is always centered around (0,0,0) and allows for specification of the total X, Y and Z length.