- fieldIonizationAverageADK
Field Ionization Average ADK¶
This cross-section models the tunneling ionization of a kinetically modeled species or background gas induced by an electric field. The “Average ADK” uses a time-averaged formula (see below) for the ionization rate, and should only be used when modeling a linearly polarized electric field and the time step is larger than the oscillation period (i.e., dt is much larger than the period of the field in question). This might occur, for example, when using an envelope model for the laser pulse.
where \(Z\) is the charge state of the ionized particle, \(n_{\rm eff}=Z/\sqrt{U_{\rm ion}/13.6[{\rm eV}]}\), \(U_{\rm ion}\) is the ionization potential in eV, \(E_h = 5.13 \times 10^{11} {\rm V/m}\), and \(E_L\) is the electric field strength at the particle position.
The modified ADK [ADK86] (Ammosov, Delone, and Krainov) formula, updated in [DK91] and first adapted to PIC by Penetrante and Bardsley [PB91] and later corrected by Ilkov et al. [IDC92], which gives the ionization rate for any type of atom, can also be used.
Subsequent validation work on the tunneling ionization models in VSim was conducted and is demonstrated in [CSMZ06], [CES+12] and [CCMG+13]. The model is valid up to approximately energy densities of \(10^{23}-10^{24}\) above which Barrier Suppression Ionization is likely to be the dominant effect, and one way also want to consider vacuum pair-production in the ionization cross-section.
The model assumes the background is a gas, that is to say that atoms are well separated with respect to their size. At very high number density, the model may break down. See references to the Mott Transition for further information.
Note
Must be paired with a Field Ionization ProductGenerator
in a RxnProcess
Block.